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U.S. Robotics Corporation, often called USR, is a company that produces USRobotics computer modems and related products. Its initial marketing was aimed at bulletin board systems, where its high-speed HST protocol made FidoNet transfers much faster, and thus less costly. During the 1990s it became a major consumer brand with its Sportster line. The company had a reputation for high quality and support for the latest communications standards as they emerged, notably in its V.Everything line, released in 1996.

With the reduced usage of analog or voiceband modems in North America in the early 21st century, USR began branching out into new markets. The company purchased Palm, Inc. for its PilotPDA, but was itself purchased by 3Com soon after. 3Com spun off USR again in 2000, keeping Palm and returning USR to the now much smaller modem market. After 2004 the company is formally known as USR. It is one of the few companies left in the modem market today, and now employs about 125 people worldwide.^[1]

History[edit]

USR was founded in 1976 in Chicago, Illinois (and later moved to Skokie, Illinois), by a group of entrepreneurs, including Casey Cowell, who served as CEO for most of the company's history, and Paul Collard who designed modems into the mid-1980s. The company name is a reference to the fictional company U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men which featured prominently in the works of Isaac Asimov. The company has stated it was named as an homage to Asimov because in his science fiction works U.S. Robots eventually became 'the greatest company in the known galaxy',^[2] and USR appeared in I, Robot (2004) as the fictional company itself.^[3]

USR was one of many companies to offer dial-up modems for personal computers. Prior to the development of standards such as the V.32 family of protocols, USR introduced its own HST (High-Speed Transfer) protocol in 1986, which operated at 9600 bit/s (bits per second). In 1989 HST was expanded to 14.4 kbit/s, 16.8 kbit/s in 1992, and finally to 21 kbit/s and 24 kbit/s.

USR was not the only company making modems with proprietary protocols; Telebit's TrailBlazer series offered speeds up to 19.2 kbit/s, and Hayes also introduced the 9600 bit/s Express 96 (or 'Ping-Pong') system. However, USR became the most successful of the three, due to a marketing scheme that offered large discounts to BBSsysops.

The proprietary nature of HST allowed USR to maintain its market predominance even when off-brand V.32-based modems began selling for less than equivalent HST modems. As the price differential decreased, however, V.32-based modems eventually became a cost-effective alternative to HST. USR countered by creating ever-faster HST protocols, starting with a 16.8 kbit/s mode, and by producing 'dual-standard' modems that were able to communicate with both HST and V.32 modems at high speeds.

During this period, USR differentiated between its high and low-end product lines by supporting only the V.32 modes on its low-end Sportster models, while its high-end Courier models supported V.32, HST, or both in the Courier Dual Standard models. The Sportster used the same motherboard as the Couriers, and on certain 14.4 kbit/s models a sequence of AT commands could be issued to enable the faster 16.8 kbit/s HST mode.^[4] The Courier modems remained a favorite in the BBS and emerging Internet service provider world, where they were known to run without problems for extended periods of time (although the initial large-scale deployment of Courier modems in the CompuServe network uncovered a serious bug, which would cause the modems to crash and stop answering calls under high call volumes).

A similar situation emerged a few years later when the 56kbit/s V.90 standard was first being proposed. USR developed its own 56k standard known as X2, while a consortium of other companies introduced its own K56flex. In contrast to the success of HST, neither X2 nor K56flex saw any real market uptake, as it was clear they would soon be followed by V.90 modems. After the introduction of V.90, USR abandoned support for X2. In a further effort to reduce the retail price of its modems, USR also marketed a Winmodem that used software running on the host computer to perform some of the modem functions.

Some models of Courier modems were known for their long-term upgradeability, because they used an upgradeable DSP design. For example, when the Courier V.Everything modem was first released in 1994 under the product label 'Courier V.34 Ready'.,^[5] it shipped with only V.FC support, because V.34 had not been released. A free V.34 firmware upgrade^[6] was made available later via FidoNet, as well as the Internet. USR then surprised many early Courier V.Everything modem owners with a limited-time free offer of an X2 firmware upgrade, which added 56K speed capability. Finally, USR released a V.90 upgrade that was compatible with X2-upgraded Courier V.Everything modems. Even the 1994 hardware released pre-V.34 was fully V.90-upgradeable without hardware modification.

There was a licensing key needed for some Courier V.Everything V.90 flash upgrades. The firmware could be loaded onto the modem, but it would work in 'degraded' V.34 mode. After paying a fee, and having the modem dial USR, a license key was installed that enabled the V.90 functions.

Commoditization[edit]

USR acquired Palm, Inc. in 1995 and subsequently merged with 3Com Corporation in June 1997.^[7] It was then recreated as a spin-off of 3Com in June 2000, assuming 3Com's entire client modem business except for the Palm-related portion, which itself had been spun off with Palm three months earlier. Other portions of the original USR remained part of 3Com as the CommWorks Corporation. USR then quickly built up its device portfolio, including not only traditional dial-up modems, but also wired- and wireless-networking components.

USR was acquired by private equity firm Platinum Equity for an undisclosed amount of cash in 2005, believed to be between US$30 million and US$50 million.^[8]

By 2010 the company was focused only on the traditional modem business.

In 2013, USR was acquired by UNICOM Global.^[9]

See also[edit]

• IBM Mwave – Combined modem and sound digital signal processor (DSP) card allowing soft upgrades within its hardware limitations.

References[edit]

1. ^'USR :: Backgrounder'. www.usr.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
2. ^'About USR'. USR. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
3. ^Hachman, Mark (2004-06-30). 'Update: Management Team Buys Back U.S. Robotics - ExtremeTech'. ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
4. ^'Google Groups'. groups.google.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
5. ^'Info World: USRobotics Courier V.34 Ready Fax Modem with V.FC and V.32bis'. books.google.com. 11 July 1994. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
6. ^'PC Magazine: The First V.34 Modems'. books.google.com. 13 Sep 1994. Retrieved 16 Nov 2017.
7. ^'Investors bless 3Com-USR merger'. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
8. ^'Buyout Firm Scoops Up Modem Maker U.S. Robotics'. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
9. ^'UNICOM Systems acquires U.S. Robotics from Platinum Equity'. support.usr.com. Retrieved 2 May 2017.

External links[edit]

• Official website of U.S. Robotics Corporation
• Business data for U.S. Robotics Corporation:

• The Samsung Galaxy S20 Tactical Edition is now available and features a comprehensive ecosystem of partner solutions.
• It supports multiple carrier networks and the use of private 5G SIMs, Wi-Fi 6 and CBRS.
• The solution is available through select channel partners including Black Diamond Advanced Technology (BDATech), PAR Government, Viasat and goTenna.

Channel and solution partners deliver complementary software and services that can customize the device for a range of tactical environments.

Samsung Electronics America announced today that the Samsung Galaxy S20 Tactical Edition (TE) is now available through select channel partners, including PAR Government, Viasat, Black Diamond Advanced Technology (BDATech) and goTenna. Designed to address the unique needs of operators in Department of Defense (DoD) and throughout the federal government, the Galaxy S20 TE couples a proven hardware platform with an open and secure Android operating system to enable a broad range of tactical partners.

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It is the ideal lightweight end user device for running battlefield applications including Android Tactical Assault Kit (ATAK), Android Precision Assault Strike Suite (APASS), Kinetic Integrated Low-Cost Software Integrated Tactical Handheld (KILSWITCH) and Battlefield Assisted Trauma Distributed Observation Kit (BATDOK™)¹, while seamlessly and securely integrating with tactical radios and peripherals including laser range finders, drone feeds and external GPS.

“Today’s operators need to make real-time decisions while processing an enormous amount of information across a variety of tactical environments,” said Chris Balcik, VP of Sales, Federal Government, Samsung Electronics America. “We worked diligently with the industry’s most trusted companies to ensure best-in-class software, services and hardware solutions perform with our devices. The Galaxy S20 Tactical Edition delivers; it is an intelligent, lightweight and secure mobile device that integrates into advanced systems and enables operators to complete their missions—regardless of location.”

The Galaxy S20 TE features a comprehensive ecosystem of partners including mobile situational awareness, virtual health, robotics control technology and networking solutions.

Situational Awareness

As a leading developer of ATAK, PAR Government delivers mobile Situational Awareness (SA) solutions for government agencies. The company’s SA software applications are provisioned and integrated on the Galaxy S20 TE. These SA solutions provide real-time access to geospatial data, accelerate multimedia sharing, and improve team collaboration and integration with unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).

“PAR is proud to be in partnership with Samsung Electronics America for the Galaxy S20 TE device offering,” said Ed Bohling, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for PAR Government. “The PAR developed TE-Enabler application suite integrated with the S20 TE solution will allow customers to seamlessly interoperate with tactical peripheral devices through their Situational Awareness App of choice.”

Health Monitoring

Remote Health Solutions, a provider of military health solutions including the BATDOKTM software solution, integrates the company’s Virtual Exam Room for secure telemedicine capability and back-end cloud platform. Using the Galaxy S20 TE combined with BATDOKTM, medics can wirelessly monitor patients’ vitals at point of injury and capture complete treatment from this point through a medical evacuation and next stage of care.

“The Samsung Galaxy S20 Tactical Edition is the perfect device for the modern medic-warrior, combining the right security with the right functionality to meet the demands of today’s military medics,” says Sean Sullivan, Director of Business Development, Remote Healthcare Solutions. “By adding the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Battlefield Assisted Trauma Distributed Observation Kit (BATDOKTM) software solution to the S20 TE further enhances a medic’s effectiveness in the field and helps streamline a wounded operator’s care- from the battlefield to the hospital.”

Robotics and Unmanned System Control

To realize the full potential of the military’s use of tactical robotic systems, it is imperative that operators control robotic platforms from an intuitive, affordable, highly-portable ground control station. Samsung’s Galaxy S20 TE combined with Tomahawk Robotics’ Kinesis universal command and control software provides this capability for the DOD’s major robotics programs of record.

“We are extremely pleased to partner with Samsung,” said Brad Truesdell, CEO, Tomahawk Robotics. “Samsung and Tomahawk Robotics combined offering is extremely well positioned as a low SWAP, low-cost solution for robotic command and control, that brings immediate interoperability with a number of major military robotic PORs.”

The Galaxy S20 TE provides additional flexibility through Samsung DeX & DeX in-vehicle allowing a user to move quickly from conducting robotic mission planning at a forward operating base (FOB) to mounted operations and ultimately dismounted operations leveraging robotic systems.

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Persistent Communications

The Galaxy S20 TE also supports multiple carrier networks and the use of private 5G SIMs, Wi-Fi 6 and CBRS². Leveraging Oceus Networks, private 5G/4G LTE high bandwidth networks, Galaxy S20 TE users can access Oceus Networks’ Secure Mobile Device Platform (SMP). Consisting of a suite of applications that enables the capture of environmental metrics, and collection of sensor data with storage and upload for centralized management with no action required by the end user. The platform is also capable of enabling DoD specific security requirements including encrypted dual-tunnel VPN communication and includes Data-In-Transit and Data-At-Rest protection.

When cell, Wi-Fi, and satellite networks are unavailable, goTenna’s mesh networking technology enables fully off-grid mobile application connectivity. Today, they released a new tactical-grade Tether Cable Kit for their goTenna Pro product suite, which securely pairs goTenna Pro and Pro X radio devices to IMPCT Galaxy cases from Juggernaut.

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“We’re excited to reinvent what’s possible at the tactical communications edge with Samsung,” says Daniela Perdomo, Co-Founder and CEO, goTenna. “Together, mesh-enabled radios, mobile devices, and apps ensure mission critical operations are never hindered by a loss in cell, WiFi, or satellite connectivity.”

Tech-enabled operators on base can also manage an entire fleet of mobile devices thanks to secure mobile management platforms like Viasat’s Mobile Dynamic Defense (MDD) solution. The solution provides advanced cyber protection, works in environments with limited and no network connectivity and has the flexibility to adjust to mission needs at a moment’s notice. By integrating Viasat MDD software into existing device ecosystems, warfighters at the tactical edge can improve situational awareness and maintain mission effectiveness.

Ken Peterman, President, Government Systems at Viasat commented, “By embedding Viasat’s MDD cybersecurity platform into the Samsung Galaxy S20 Tactical Edition we are ensuring today’s military personnel, government leaders, and high profile business executives are securely connected and ‘mission-ready.’ Our integrated mobile cyber-defense solution enables missions to be completed without the fear of jeopardizing confidential military or government policy, proprietary information or device integrity. Viasat MDD is a critical capability proven to protect device users—whether remote, local or connected to a live network—by allowing them to provision and configure their device as their mission changes.”

Additional partners with solutions that integrate with the Galaxy S20 TE include cabling and hub providers Black Diamond Advanced Technology (BDATech) and Glenair, as well as ruggedized military grade cases and mounts by Kagwerks and Juggernaut Case.

Availability

GalaxyS20 TE is only available in the U.S. through PAR Government, Viasat, Black Diamond Advanced Technology (BDATech) and goTenna. For more information on Galaxy S20 TE, please visit www.samsung.com/TacticalEdition. For more information about Samsung Government, please visit www.samsung.com/us/business/by-industry/government/.

1 BATDOK is a trademark of the United States Air Force.

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2 Requires optimal 5G network connection, available in select markets. Check with carrier for availability and details. Download and streaming speeds may vary based on content provider, server connection and other factors.

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